During the 1800-2000 era of globalization, globalization was driven primarily by which actors?

During the 1800-2000 era of globalization, globalization was driven primarily by which actors?

• A. Countries
• B. Companies
• C. Individuals
• D. Nonprofits

Answer: (B)

During this period, the main force behind globalization was the rise of multinational companies and cross-border business networks. Firms pushed beyond national borders to access resources, labor, and new markets, building integrated production chains that spanned continents. The growth of modern corporations, the ability to move capital internationally, and the development of global trade infrastructure—steamships, railways, telegraphs, and canals—made it feasible to plan and coordinate complex operations on a world scale. Governments set the rules, and individuals or nonprofits played smaller, supportive roles, but the widespread cross-border exchange of goods, capital, and production organization was driven by corporate activity and the strategic pursuit of global resources and markets.

During this period, the main force behind globalization was the rise of multinational companies and cross-border business networks. Firms pushed beyond national borders to access resources, labor, and new markets, building integrated production chains that spanned continents. The growth of modern corporations, the ability to move capital internationally, and the development of global trade infrastructure—steamships, railways, telegraphs, and canals—made it feasible to plan and coordinate complex operations on a world scale. Governments set the rules, and individuals or nonprofits played smaller, supportive roles, but the widespread cross-border exchange of goods, capital, and production organization was driven by corporate activity and the strategic pursuit of global resources and markets.